EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

Founded 1890 by John D. Rockefeller.

Location:
Chicago, IL

Founding Date:
1890

Motto:
Crescat scientia; vita excolatur

Team:
Maroons

Mascot:
Phoenix

Radio Station:
WHPK 88.5 FM

Enrollment:
13,400

Official Website:
http://www.uchicago.edu/

STUDENTS

Name	Occupation	Birth	Death	Known for
Grace Abbott	Activist	17-Nov-1878	19-Jun-1939	Advocate against child labor
Walter S. Adams	Astronomer	20-Dec-1876	11-May-1956	Long-time director of Mt. Wilson Observatory
Howard Aiken	Physicist	8-Mar-1900	14-Mar-1973	Designer of early computers
Saul Alinsky	Activist	30-Jan-1909	12-Jun-1972	Rules for Radicals
Robert J. Alpern	Doctor	c. 1950		Dean, Yale School of Medicine
Roger C. Altman	Business	c. 1945		CEO of Evercore Partners
Luis W. Alvarez	Physicist	13-Jun-1911	1-Sep-1988	Particle accelerator, extinction of dinosaurs
Aldrich Ames	Spy	26-Mar-1941		CIA agent, divulged names to the Soviets
Basil L. Anderson	Business	c. 1945		Vice Chairman of Staples, 2001-06
Regina M. Anderson	Playwright	21-May-1901	5-Feb-1993	Climbing Jacob's Ladder
Robert O. Anderson	Business	13-Apr-1917	2-Dec-2007	CEO of ARCO, 1966-86
Lori B. Andrews	Attorney	c. 1953		Genetics and biotechnology law
Bernard W. Aronson	Business	16-May-1946		ACON Investments LLC
John Ashcroft	Politician	9-May-1942		US Attorney General, 2001-05
Ed Asner	Actor	15-Nov-1929		Lou Grant
William J. Avery	Business	c. 1941		CEO of Crown Cork & Seal, 1990-2001
David Axelrod	Government	22-Feb-1955		NBC talking head
Horace W. Babcock	Astronomer	13-Sep-1912	29-Aug-2003	Adaptive optics and the Babcock Model
William Bagley	Educator	15-Mar-1874	1-Jul-1946	Opponent of Dewey's progressive education
Emily Greene Balch	Activist	8-Jan-1867	9-Jan-1961	Peace activist, Nobel Prize recipient
Thomas A. Balmer	Judge	1952		Justice, Oregon Supreme Court
Hastings Banda	Head of State	1898	25-Nov-1997	First President of Malawi
Peter K. Barker	Business	c. 1948		Former Partner, Goldman Sachs
Robert B. Barnett	Attorney	26-Aug-1946		Washington literary agent, debate coach
Reginald Bartholomew	Diplomat	17-Feb-1936	26-Aug-2012	US Ambassador to Italy, 1993-97
Gary S. Becker	Economist	2-Dec-1930	3-May-2014	Human Capital
Robert L. Beisner	Historian	8-Mar-1936		Twelve Against Empire
Marek Belka	Head of State	9-Jan-1952		Prime Minister of Poland, 2004-05
Saul Bellow	Novelist	10-Jun-1915	5-Apr-2005	The Adventures of Augie March
Stephen Berger	Business	c. 1937		Chairman of Odyssey Investment Partners
Jay Berwanger	Football	19-May-1914	26-Jun-2002	First Heisman Trophy winner
Ann C. Berzin	Business	c. 1952		CEO of FGIC, 1992-2001
Bruce A. Beutler	Biologist	29-Dec-1957		Lipopolysaccharide receptors
Henry S. Bienen	Educator	5-May-1939		President, Northwestern University, 1995-2009
George David Birkhoff	Mathematician	21-Mar-1884	12-Nov-1944	Modern theory of dynamical systems
Elvin Bishop	Musician	21-Oct-1942		Fooled Around and Fell In Love
Adriaan Blaauw	Astronomer	12-Apr-1914	1-Dec-2010	Evolving galaxies
John Blatnik	Politician	17-Aug-1911	17-Dec-1991	Congressman from Minnesota, 1947-75
James M. Blaut	Historian	20-Oct-1927	11-Nov-2000	The Colonizer's Model of the World
Robert J. Blendon	Educator	c. 1943		Professor, JFK School of Government
Allan Bloom	Philosopher	14-Sep-1930	7-Oct-1992	The Closing of the American Mind
Leonard Bloomfield	Linguist	1-Apr-1887	18-Apr-1949	Structural linguistics of Tagalog
Norman R. Bobins	Business	c. 1942		CEO of ABN AMRO North America, 2002-07
Leo Bogart	Sociologist	23-Sep-1921	15-Oct-2005	Preserving the Press
Danny J. Boggs	Judge	23-Oct-1944		6th Circuit Court of Appeals
Eric Bogosian	Actor	24-Apr-1953		Talk Radio
Wayne C. Booth	Critic	22-Feb-1921	10-Oct-2005	The Rhetoric of Fiction
Robert Bork	Government	1-Mar-1927	19-Dec-2012	Fired Archibald Cox, later got himself borked
Elsbeth Bothe	Judge	17-Oct-1927		Baltimore Circuit Court Judge, retired
Leon Botstein	Educator	14-Dec-1946		President of Bard College
Ira S. Bowen	Astronomer	21-Dec-1898	6-Feb-1973	Debunked nebulium
Barbara L. Bowles	Business	c. 1946		The Kenwood Group
William Reynolds Braisted	Historian	14-Mar-1918		The United States Navy in the Pacific
Carol Moseley Braun	Politician	16-Aug-1947		First black female US Senator
Sophonisba Breckinridge	Activist	1-Apr-1866	30-Jul-1948	Suffragette and abolitionist
David Broder	Journalist	11-Sep-1929	9-Mar-2011	Washington Post reporter
Beth L. Bronner	Business	c. 1950		Mistral Equity Partners
David Brooks	Columnist	11-Aug-1961		Conservative pundit
Herbert C. Brown	Chemist	22-May-1912	19-Dec-2004	Discovered organoboranes
Peter C. Browning	Business	2-Sep-1941		CEO of Sonoco Products, 1998-2000
Ivan Brunetti	Cartoonist	3-Oct-1967		Schizo
James M. Buchanan	Economist	2-Oct-1919	9-Jan-2013	Public Choice Theory
E. Margaret Burbidge	Astronomer	12-Aug-1919		Synthesis of the elements in stars
Geoffrey Burbidge	Astronomer	24-Sep-1925	26-Jan-2010	Quasi-steady state cosmology
Ernest Burgess	Sociologist	16-May-1886	27-Dec-1966	Introduction to the Science of Sociology
Mary Elizabeth Burton	Business	c. 1952		CEO of Zale
Mary K. Bush	Business	c. 1949		Bush International
Caroline H. Byrd	Business	c. 1949		GlobalTech Financial
Debra A. Cafaro	Business	15-Dec-1957		CEO of Ventas
Ernest Callenbach	Author	3-Apr-1929	16-Apr-2012	Ecotopia
Tom Campbell	Politician	14-Aug-1952		Congressman from California, 1995-2001
LeRoy T. Carlson	Business	15-May-1916	23-May-2016	Founder of Telephone and Data Systems
Doyle E. Carlton	Politician	6-Jul-1885	25-Oct-1972	Governor of Florida, 1929-33
Ellen Carnahan	Business	c. 1956		Seyen Capital Management
Hayden Carruth	Poet	3-Aug-1921	29-Sep-2008	Brothers, I Loved You All
Jocelyn Carter-Miller	Business	c. 1957		President of TechEdVentures
William Caton	Business	31-Jan-1951		CFO of Navistar International
Ahmed Chalabi	Politician	30-Oct-1944	3-Nov-2015	Prominent on the Iraqi Provisional Council
Owen Chamberlain	Physicist	10-Jul-1920	28-Feb-2006	Co-Discoverer of the antiproton
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar	Astronomer	19-Oct-1910	21-Aug-1995	Evolutionary stages of stars
Jule Charney	Scientist	1-Jan-1917	16-Jun-1981	Quasi-gesotrophic theory
Charles Chatfield	Historian	11-Mar-1934	15-Jan-2015	Pacifism in America, 1914-1941
Timothy Y. Chen	Business	c. 1956		Microsoft CEO Greater China Region
Liz Cheney	Relative	28-Jul-1966		Dick Cheney's daughter
Anna Chlumsky	Actor	3-Dec-1980		My Girl
Rebecca S. Chopp	Educator	c. 1952		President, Colgate University
Ramsey Clark	Government	18-Dec-1927		US Attorney General, 1967-69
Charles I. Clough, Jr.	Business	c. 1942		Merrill Lynch Investment Strategist, 1987-2000
Stephen P. Cohen	Scholar	c. 1946		Foreign policy analyst
Thomas W. Cole, Jr.	Educator	c. 1941		President of Clark Atlanta, 1989-2002
Lewis M. Collens	Educator	c. 1938		President of Illinois Tech, 1990-2007
Misha Collins	Actor	20-Aug-1974		Castiel on Supernatural
James Comey	Government	14-Dec-1960		Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation
Henry Steele Commager	Historian	25-Oct-1902	2-Mar-1998	The American Mind
Jeffrey Connaughton	Attorney	c. 1959		Lobbyist, Quinn Gillespie
George Conrades	Business	c. 1939		CEO of Akamai, 1999-2005
Terence Cardinal Cooke	Religion	1-Mar-1921	6-Oct-1983	Archbishop of New York, 1968-83
Janet K. Cooper	Business	c. 1953		Senior VP and Treasurer of Qwest
Anthony H. Cordesman	Government	2-Aug-1938		The Lessons of Modern War
Richard Cordray	Government	3-May-1959		Acting Director, Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
Robert A. Cornog	Business	c. 1939		CEO of Snap-on, 1991-2001
Jon Corzine	Politician	1-Jan-1947		Governor of New Jersey, 2006-10
Jay Cost	Columnist	1978		Spoiled Rotten
George A. Cowan	Physicist	15-Feb-1920	20-Apr-2012	Founder, Santa Fe Institute
Ana Marie Cox	Journalist	23-Sep-1972		Wonkette
Charles W. Cramb	Business	c. 1947		CFO of Avon
Avery O. Craven	Historian	12-Aug-1885	21-Jan-1980	The Growth of Southern Nationalism
James W. Cronin	Physicist	29-Sep-1931	25-Aug-2016	Time not necessarily reversible
John T. Crotty	Business	c. 1938		CroBern Management Partnership
L. Gordon Crovitz	Publisher	c. 1959		Publisher, Wall Street Journal, 2006-07
Robert F. Cummings, Jr.	Business	c. 1950		Senior Managing Director, GSC Group
Kenneth W. Dam	Government	10-Aug-1932		Deputy Treasury Secretary, 2001-03
Patrice M. Daniels	Business	c. 1961		Blue Sky Advisors
Severn Darden	Actor	9-Nov-1929	27-May-1995	Second City
Robert J. Darnall	Business	c. 1938		CEO of Inland Steel, 1992-98
Robert C. Davidson, Jr.	Business	c. 1945		Surface Protection Industries
Erroll B. Davis, Jr.	Business	c. 1943		Chancellor, University System of Georgia
Steven A. Davis	Business	c. 1959		CEO of Bob Evans Farms
Willie D. Davis	Football	24-Jul-1934		Businessman, former football player
Clinton Davisson	Physicist	22-Oct-1881	1-Feb-1958	Diffraction of electrons
Gerard Debreu	Economist	4-Jul-1921	31-Dec-2004	Supply and demand theorist
William Dembski	Religion	18-Jul-1960		Intelligent Design proponent
Christopher DeMuth	Activist	5-Aug-1946		American Enterprise Institute
Daniel A. Dickinson	Business	c. 1961		Thayer Capital Partners
Bernardine Dohrn	Activist	12-Jan-1942		Weather Underground leader
Arnold W. Donald	Business	c. 1955		CEO of Merisant, 2000-03
James L. Doti	Educator	26-Sep-1946		President of Chapman University
Robert Drivas	Actor	21-Nov-1938	29-Jun-1986	Bad Habits
Bruce W. Duncan	Business	c. 1951		CEO of Equity Residential, 2002-05
Katherine Dunham	Dancer	22-Jun-1910	21-May-2006	Dunham School of Dance
John T. Dunlop	Government	5-Jul-1914	2-Oct-2003	US Secretary of Labor, 1975-76
Anthony S. Earl	Politician	12-Apr-1936		Governor of Wisconsin, 1983-87
Frank H. Easterbrook	Judge	3-Sep-1948		7th Circuit Court of Appeals
Roger Ebert	Critic	18-Jun-1942	4-Apr-2013	Siskel and Ebert
Wallace J. Eckert	Astronomer	19-Jun-1902	24-Aug-1971	First scientist hired by IBM
John A. Edwardson	Business	c. 1949		CEO of CDW
Allison H. Eid	Judge	1965		Justice, Colorado Supreme Court
Paul Ekman	Psychologist	15-Feb-1934		Facial Action Coding System
Larry Ellison	Business	17-Aug-1944		Founder of Oracle
Stephen J. Entin	Activist	?		Institute for Research on the Economics of Taxation
Tamara J. Erickson	Business	c. 1954		Management Consultant
Robert A. Essner	Business	26-Oct-1947		CEO of Wyeth, 2002-07
James T. Farrell	Novelist	27-Feb-1904	22-Aug-1979	Studs Lonigan trilogy
Maureen A. Fay	Educator	c. 1934		President, University of Detroit Mercy, 1990-2004
Janet Flanner	Journalist	13-Mar-1892	7-Nov-1978	The New Yorker
James R. Flynn	Scholar	18-Apr-1934		Flynn Effect
Dan Fortmann	Football	11-Apr-1916	23-May-1995	NFL Hall of Fame Guard
David W. Fox	Business	c. 1931		CEO of Northern Trust, 1990-95
Tenney Frank	Economist	19-May-1876	3-Apr-1939	An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome
Thomas Frank	Author	21-Mar-1965		Founding editor, The Baffler
E. Franklin Frazier	Sociologist	24-Sep-1894	17-May-1962	Black Bourgeoisie
A. Stone Freedberg	Doctor	30-May-1908	25-Aug-2009	Found H. Pylori near stomach ulcers
Jerome I. Friedman	Physicist	28-Mar-1930		Verified existence of quarks
Milton Friedman	Economist	31-Jul-1912	16-Nov-2006	Free market economic theorist
Robert C. Gallo	Doctor	23-Mar-1937		Identified first retroviruses in humans
Robert W. Galvin	Business	9-Oct-1922	11-Oct-2011	CEO of Motorola, 1959-90
Martin Gardner	Mathematician	21-Oct-1914	22-May-2010	Mathematical games, Scientific American
Will Geer	Actor	9-Mar-1902	22-Apr-1978	Zebulon Walton in The Waltons
Douglas H. Ginsburg	Judge	25-May-1946		US Court of Appeals, DC Circuit
Philip Giraldi	Government	c. 1946		Former CIA officer
Tom Gjelten	Journalist	?		NPR correspondent
Philip Glass	Composer	31-Jan-1937		Einstein on the Beach
Mary Ann Glendon	Diplomat	7-Oct-1938		US Ambassador to the Vatican
Erving Goffman	Sociologist	11-Jun-1922	19-Nov-1982	The Presentation of Self
Robert W. Goldman	Business	c. 1942		CFO of Conoco, 1998-2002
Daniel J. Good	Business	c. 1939		Good Capital Co.
Paul Goodman	Anarchist	9-Sep-1911	2-Aug-1972	Growing Up Absurd
Thomas A. Gottschalk	Attorney	5-Jul-1942		General Counsel of General Motors, 1994-2006
David Graeber	Anthropologist	12-Feb-1961		Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology
Norman A. Graebner	Historian	19-Oct-1915	10-May-2010	Empire on the Pacific
Katharine Graham	Publisher	16-Jun-1917	17-Jul-2001	Washington Post publisher, 1966-79
Ronald Graham	Mathematician	31-Oct-1935		Mathematician, Computer Scientist
Sebastian de Grazia	Author	11-Aug-1917	31-Dec-2000	Machiavelli in Hell
Dwight H. Green	Politician	9-Jan-1897	20-Feb-1958	Governor of Illinois, 1941-49
Judson C. Green	Business	c. 1952		CEO of NAVTEQ
Jan Crawford Greenburg	Journalist	c. 1965		Chicago Tribune legal reporter
Jesse L. Greenstein	Astronomer	15-Oct-1909	21-Oct-2002	Co-Discoverer of quasars
Zvi Griliches	Economist	12-Sep-1930	4-Nov-1999	Technology, Education, and Productivity
Ulu Grosbard	Film Director	9-Jan-1929	19-Mar-2012	The Subject Was Roses
Sanford J. Grossman	Business	21-Jul-1953		CEO of Quantitative Financial Strategies
John Gunther	Journalist	30-Aug-1901	29-May-1970	Inside Europe
Trygve Haavelmo	Economist	13-Dec-1911	28-Jul-1999	Economic forecasting
Ralph F. Hake	Business	25-Jan-1949		CEO of Maytag, 2001-06
Victor Halperin	Film Director	24-Aug-1895	17-May-1983	White Zombie
Harry J. Harczak, Jr.	Business	c. 1957		EVP at CDW, 2002-07
Guillermo Haro	Astronomer	21-Mar-1913	26-Apr-1988	Herbig-Haro objects
Michael Harrington	Activist	24-Feb-1928	31-Jul-1989	The Other America
Patricia Roberts Harris	Government	31-May-1924	23-Mar-1985	Cabinet Secretary under Jimmy Carter
Sessue Hayakawa	Actor	10-Jun-1889	23-Nov-1973	The Bridge on the River Kwai
F. A. Hayek	Economist	8-May-1899	23-Mar-1992	Austrian economist
James J. Heckman	Economist	19-Apr-1944		Statistical analysis of individual and household behavior
Morton Heilig	Inventor	22-Dec-1926	14-May-1997	Early virtual reality pioneer
Jordan Heller	Business	c. 1961		Schonbraun McCann Group
Marilu Henner	Actor	6-Apr-1952		Taxi
Louis Henyey	Astronomer	3-Feb-1910	18-Feb-1970	Henyey method
Seymour Hersh	Journalist	8-Apr-1937		Uncovered the My Lai Massacre
Melville J. Herskovits	Anthropologist	10-Sep-1895	25-Feb-1963	The Myth of the Negro Past
Martha O. Hesse	Business	14-Aug-1942		Chairman of Enbridge Energy Partners
Raymond Hide	Physicist	17-May-1929		Earth's rotation
John P. Hiler	Politician	24-Apr-1953		Congressman from Indiana, 1981-91
Linda A. Hill	Educator	c. 1957		Harvard Business School
Gertrude Himmelfarb	Historian	8-Aug-1922		Victorian Minds
Deane R. Hinton	Diplomat	12-Mar-1923		US Ambassador to Panama, 1990-94
David F. Hoffmeister	Business	c. 1954		CFO of Invitrogen
James F. Hoge, Jr.	Editor	25-Dec-1935		Editor of Foreign Affairs
J. Rogers Hollingsworth	Historian	26-Jul-1932		A Political Economy of Medicine
William J. Holloway	Politician	15-Dec-1888	28-Jan-1970	Governor of Oklahoma, 1929-31
Celeste Holm	Actor	29-Apr-1917	15-Jul-2012	Gentleman's Agreement
Michele J. Hooper	Business	c. 1951		Co-Founder, The Directors' Council
James C. Hormel	Diplomat	1-Jan-1933		US Ambassador to Luxembourg, 1999-2001
Constance J. Horner	Government	24-Feb-1942		Former Civil Rights Commissioner
Henry Horner	Politician	30-Nov-1878	6-Oct-1940	Governor of Illinois, 1933-40
Roman Hruska	Politician	16-Aug-1904	25-Apr-1999	US Senator from Nebraska, 1954-76
Edwin Hubble	Astronomer	20-Nov-1889	28-Sep-1953	Hubble Space Telescope, Hubble's Law
Arthur W. Hummel, Jr.	Diplomat	1-Jun-1920	6-Feb-2001	US Ambassador to China, 1981-85
David R. Hunter	Administrator	17-May-1916	25-Nov-2000	Progressive fund advisor
Samuel P. Huntington	Author	18-Apr-1927	24-Dec-2008	The Clash of Civilizations
Leonid Hurwicz	Economist	21-Aug-1917	24-Jun-2008	Mechanism design theory
Harold Ickes	Government	15-Mar-1874	3-Feb-1952	US Secretary of the Interior, 1933-46
Harold Innis	Scholar	5-Nov-1894	8-Nov-1952	Empire and Communications
Joi Ito	Business	19-Jun-1966		Director, MIT Media Lab
Jack B. Jacobs	Judge	c. 1942		Justice, Delaware Supreme Court
Kenneth Jacobs	Business	c. 1958		CEO of Lazard North America
Neil H. Jacoby	Economist	19-Sep-1909	31-May-1979	Council of Economic Advisers, 1953-55
Richard R. Jaros	Business	c. 1952		President of Level 3 Communications, 1996-97
Raymond A. Jean	Business	23-Aug-1942		CEO of Quanex
Robert Jewett	Theologian	31-Dec-1933		Pauline scholar
Deborah S. Jin	Physicist	15-Nov-1968	15-Sep-2016	Created a fermionic condensate
Donald Johanson	Anthropologist	28-Jun-1943		Discovered "Lucy" fossils
Charles S. Johnson	Sociologist	24-Jul-1893	27-Oct-1956	The Negro in Chicago
David W. Johnson	Business	7-Aug-1932		CEO of Campbell Soup, 1990-97
Eric G. Johnson	Business	c. 1950		CEO of Baldwin Richardson Foods Co.
Phillip Johnson	Author	1940		Intelligent Design theorist
Robert David Johnson	Historian	27-Nov-1967		Congress and the Cold War
David Cay Johnston	Journalist	24-Dec-1948		Perfectly Legal
William E. Johnston	Business	1940		President of Morton International, 1995-2000
Ann Dibble Jordan	Educator	c. 1939		Professor, University of Chicago
June Jordan	Poet	9-Jul-1936	14-Jun-2002	Who Look At Me
Ernest Just	Biologist	14-Aug-1883	27-Oct-1941	Cell surfaces and egg fertilization
Peter R. Kagan	Business	c. 1968		Partner at Warburg Pincus
Jonathan Kaplan	Film Director	25-Nov-1947		Over the Edge
William E. Kassling	Business	c. 1945		Twice CEO of Wabtec
Karen L. Katen	Business	1948		Senior Pfizer executive
Philip Kaufman	Film Director	23-Oct-1936		The Right Stuff
Daniel P. Kearney	Business	1939		EVP at Aetna, 1991-98
Dennis J. Keller	Business	c. 1941		DeVry Institute of Technology
Arthur L. Kelly	Business	c. 1938		Partner, KEL Enterprises
Frances Oldham Kelsey	Doctor	24-Jul-1914	7-Aug-2015	Prevented countless thalidomide babies
Majid Khadduri	Scholar	1908	25-Jan-2007	Middle East scholar
Zalmay Khalilzad	Diplomat	22-Mar-1951		US Ambassador to the UN, 2007-09
James M. Kilts	Business	10-Feb-1948		CEO of Gillette, 2001-05
Reatha Clark King	Business	11-Apr-1938		President of Metropolitan State, 1977-88
Peter D. Kinnear	Business	c. 1947		CEO of FMC Technologies
Lawrence R. Klein	Economist	14-Sep-1920	20-Oct-2013	Macroeconometric modeling
Philip S. Klein	Historian	10-Jun-1909	15-Feb-1993	President James Buchanan
Amy Klobuchar	Politician	25-May-1960		US Senator from Minnesota
Lawrence Kohlberg	Psychologist	25-Oct-1927	17-Jan-1987	Stages of moral development
C. M. Kornbluth	Novelist	23-Jul-1923	21-Mar-1958	The Space Merchants
Robert P. Kraft	Astronomer	16-Jun-1927	26-May-2015	Lick Observatory
Murray Krieger	Critic	27-Nov-1923	5-Aug-2000	The Play and Place of Criticism
Bud Krogh	Government	3-Aug-1939		Nixon's plumbers
Mary Anne Krupsak	Politician	26-Mar-1932		Lt. Governor of New York, 1975-78
Michael L. Kubacki	Business	c. 1951		Lakeland Financial Corporation
Robert W. Lane	Business	14-Nov-1949		CEO of Deere, 2000-09
Katherine Lanpher	Radio Personality	27-May-1959		Al Franken's sidekick on Air America
Ernest Lawrence	Physicist	8-Aug-1901	27-Aug-1958	Inventor of the cyclotron
Stephen Leacock	Author	30-Dec-1869	28-Mar-1944	Literary Lapses
Rex Lee	Attorney	27-Feb-1935	11-Mar-1996	US Solicitor General, 1981-85
Tsung-Dao Lee	Physicist	25-Nov-1926		Violations of parity law
Fritz Leiber	Author	24-Dec-1910	5-Sep-1992	Ship of Shadows
Jeffrey M. Leiden	Doctor	c. 1953		Clarus Ventures
Ralph Lerner	Scholar	2-May-1928		The Thinking Revolutionary
Pierre E. Leroy	Business	c. 1948		Retired executive, Deere
Edward H. Levi	Government	26-Jun-1911	7-Mar-2000	US Attorney General, 1975-77
Daniel B. Levin	Government	4-Mar-1956		Justice Department attorney
Harvey Levin	TV Personality	2-Sep-1951		Prince of the paparazzi
Jerry W. Levin	Business	c. 1944		CEO of American Household, 1998-2005
Meyer Levin	Novelist	8-Oct-1905	9-Jul-1981	Compulsion
Sandy Levin	Politician	6-Sep-1931		Congressman, Michigan 12th
Ted Levine	Actor	29-May-1958		Buffalo Bill in The Silence of the Lambs
David B. Lewis	Business	9-Jun-1944		Partner, Lewis & Munday
Joseph Limprecht	Diplomat	22-Jul-1946	19-May-2002	US Ambassador to Albania, 1999-2002
Robert Todd Lincoln	Politician	1-Aug-1843	26-Jul-1926	US Secretary of War, 1881-85
Tod Lindberg	Columnist	1960		Policy Review editor
Bruce C. Lindsay	Business	c. 1941		2117 Associates LLC
John Lott	Economist	8-May-1958		More Guns, Less Crime
Mark Loughridge	Business	1953		CFO of IBM
Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada	Head of State	1-Jul-1930		Twice President of Bolivia
Lee Lozano	Painter	5-Nov-1930	2-Oct-1999	Misogyny as art form
Deborah J. Lucas	Educator	c. 1958		Finance Professor at Northwestern
Robert Lucas	Economist	15-Sep-1937		Theory of rational expectations
Anthony Luiso	Business	c. 1943		International Multifoods Corporation
Staughton Lynd	Historian	22-Nov-1929		Intellectual Origins of American Radicalism
George MacKenzie	Business	c. 1949		CFO of Hercules, 1996-2000
Jeb Magruder	Government	5-Nov-1934	11-May-2014	Nixon's deputy campaign director
Lynn Margulis	Biologist	5-Mar-1935	22-Nov-2011	Origin of eukaryotic organelles
Robert A. Mariano	Business	c. 1951		Roundy's Supermarkets
Jack A. Markell	Politician	26-Nov-1960		Governor of Delaware
Harry M. Markowitz	Economist	24-Aug-1927		Portfolio theory
Jerry L. Martin	Educator	?		American Council of Trustees & Alumni
Andrew Mason	Business	c. 1980		Groupon
Megan McArdle	Blogger	29-Jan-1973		Atlantic Monthly blogger
William L. McComb	Business	c. 1963		CEO of Liz Claiborne
Michael W. McConnell	Attorney	18-May-1955		Stanford Constitutional Law Center
Gale W. McGee	Politician	17-Mar-1915	9-Apr-1992	US Senator from Wyoming, 1959-77
David McIntosh	Politician	8-Jun-1958		Congressman from Indiana, 1995-2001
Monroe G. McKay	Judge	30-May-1928		10th Circuit Court of Appeals, 1977-93
Kevin M. McMullen	Business	c. 1960		CEO of OMNOVA Solutions
William H. McNeill	Historian	31-Oct-1917	8-Jul-2016	The Rise of the West
Gary A. Mecklenburg	Business	c. 1946		Northwestern Memorial HealthCare
John W. Meriwether	Business	10-Aug-1947		Long-Term Capital Management
Frank S. Meyer	Author	9-May-1909	1-Apr-1972	In Defense of Freedom
Abner J. Mikva	Politician	21-Jan-1926	4-Jul-2016	Illinois Congressman, Clinton Counsel
Perry Miller	Historian	25-Feb-1905	9-Dec-1963	The New England Mind
Stanley Miller	Chemist	7-Mar-1930	20-May-2007	Miller-Urey Experiment
David Minge	Politician	19-Mar-1942		Congressman from Minnesota, 1993-2001
Patsy Mink	Politician	6-Dec-1927	28-Sep-2002	Congresswoman from Hawaii
Hyman Minsky	Economist	23-Sep-1919	25-Oct-1996	Inherently unstable markets
Wesley Clair Mitchell	Economist	5-Aug-1874	29-Oct-1948	Business Cycles
Franco Modigliani	Economist	18-Jun-1918	25-Sep-2003	Life-cycle theory
Philip Montgomery III	Business	c. 1956		CEO, P.O'B. Montgomery & Co.
Barrett Moore	Business	?		Triple Canopy founder
Thomas Gale Moore	Economist	6-Nov-1930		Council of Economic Advisers, 1985-89
Harry Morgan	Actor	10-Apr-1915	7-Dec-2011	Col. Sherman T. Potter on M*A*S*H
William W. Morgan	Astronomer	3-Jan-1906	21-Jun-1994	Spiral arms of the Milky Way Galaxy
Robert S. Mulliken	Chemist	7-Jun-1896	31-Oct-1986	Molecular orbital theory
Robert A. Mundell	Economist	24-Oct-1932		Floating exchange rates
Michael L. Mussa	Economist	15-Apr-1944		Council of Economic Advisers, 1986-88
Satya Nadella	Business	1967		CEO of Microsoft
Robert C. Nakasone	Business	c. 1948		CEO of Toys R Us, 1998-99
Yoichiro Nambu	Physicist	18-Jan-1921	5-Jul-2015	Spontaneous broken symmetry
Jim Neal	Politician	6-Nov-1956		Sought Elizabeth Dole's Senate seat in 2008
Ralph Neas	Activist	17-May-1946		People for the American Way
Paul Nelson	Religion	1952		Leading Intelligent Design advocate
Ted Nelson	Computer Programmer	17-Jun-1937		Hypertext pioneer, Xanadu
Eliot Ness	Government	19-Apr-1903	16-May-1957	Treasury Agent, The Untouchables
Joseph Neubauer	Business	19-Oct-1941		CEO of ARAMARK
Mike Nichols	Film Director	6-Nov-1931	19-Nov-2014	Primary Colors
James B. Nicholson	Business	c. 1943		CEO of PVS Chemicals, Inc.
Luis P. Nieto, Jr.	Business	c. 1955		ConAgra executive
Daniel A. Ninivaggi	Business	c. 1966		CEO of Icahn Enterprises LP
Frank A. Ninkovich	Historian	19-Dec-1944		The Diplomacy of Ideas
William Niskanen	Administrator	13-Mar-1933	26-Oct-2011	Chairman of the Cato Institute
A. W. Norblad	Politician	19-Mar-1881	17-Apr-1960	Governor of Oregon, 1929-31
Ken Nordine	Radio Personality	19-Jan-1920		Word Jazz
Anne Norton	Educator	1954		Leo Strauss and the Politics of American Empire
Anthony Noto	Business	2-May-1968		CFO of Twitter
Edwin G. Nourse	Economist	20-May-1883	7-Apr-1974	Council of Economic Advisers, 1946-49
Richard T. O'Brien	Business	c. 1954		CEO of Newmont Mining
Jim Oberweis	Business	1946		Republican money manager
Elder Olson	Critic	9-Mar-1909	25-Jul-1992	Critics and Criticism
Donald E. Osterbrock	Astronomer	13-Jul-1924	11-Jan-2007	Director of Lick Observatory, 1973-81
William G. Ouchi	Educator	1943		Theory Z
Frank Lawrence Owsley	Historian	20-Jan-1890	21-Oct-1956	King Cotton Diplomacy
Ajit V. Pai	Attorney	10-Jan-1973		FCC Commissioner
Greg Palast	Journalist	26-Jun-1952		The Best Democracy Money Can Buy
Geoffrey Palmer	Head of State	21-Apr-1942		Prime Minister of New Zealand, 1989-90
R. R. Palmer	Historian	11-Jan-1909	11-Jun-2002	The Age of the Democratic Revolution
Thomas L. Pangle	Scholar	29-Nov-1944		Leo Strauss: An Introduction
Jaime Chico Pardo	Business	14-Feb-1950		CEO of Teléfonos de México
Sara Paretsky	Novelist	8-Jun-1947		V. I. Warshawski detective novels
Chong Sup Park	Business	c. 1948		CEO of Maxtor, 2004-06
Everett C. Parker	Activist	17-Jan-1913	17-Sep-2015	Civil rights advocate, UCC official
William C. Pate	Business	c. 1963		Equity Group Investments
Kimberly Peirce	Film Director	8-Sep-1967		Boys Don't Cry
Jaroslav Pelikan	Historian	17-Dec-1923	13-May-2006	The Christian Tradition
Charles H. Percy	Politician	27-Sep-1919	17-Sep-2011	US Senator from Illinois, 1967-85
Brock Peters	Actor	2-Jul-1927	23-Aug-2005	To Kill a Mockingbird
Peter G. Peterson	Business	5-Jun-1926		Chairman, Council on Foreign Relations
Joseph A. Pichler	Business	2-Oct-1939		CEO of Kroger, 1990-2003
Alfred A. Piergallini	Business	c. 1946		CEO of Gerber, 1990-99
Frances Fox Piven	Activist	10-Oct-1932		Regulating The Poor
Gilbert Plass	Physicist	22-Mar-1922	1-Mar-2004	Climate change scientist
David M. Pletcher	Historian	14-Jun-1920	22-Feb-2004	The Diplomacy of Involvement
Charles Plosser	Economist	19-Sep-1948		President and CEO, Philadelphia Fed
John Podhoretz	Columnist	18-Apr-1961		Conservative columnist
Bill Poole	Economist	19-Jun-1937		President, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Myrtle Potter	Business	1958		COO of Genentech, 2000-04
Vasant M. Prabhu	Business	c. 1960		CFO of Starwood Hotels
Julius W. Pratt	Historian	25-Feb-1888	28-Jan-1983	Expansionists of 1812 and 1898
Steven C. Preston	Government	4-Aug-1960		US Secretary of HUD, 2008-09
Philip J. Purcell	Business	5-Sep-1943		CEO of Morgan Stanley, 1997-2005
James Purdy	Author	17-Jul-1914	13-Mar-2009	Eustance Chisholm and the Works
James A. Quella	Business	c. 1950		Blackstone Group
Mike Quigley	Politician	17-Oct-1958		Congressman, Illinois 5th
Homer P. Rainey	Educator	19-Jan-1896	19-Dec-1985	President of UT-Austin, 1939-44
David Rasche	Actor	7-Aug-1944		Sledge Hammer!
Burton Rascoe	Critic	22-Oct-1892	19-Mar-1957	The New York Tribune
Susan P. Read	Judge	1947		Judge, NY Court of Appeals
George E. Reedy	Government	5-Aug-1917	21-Mar-1999	LBJ's press secretary
Morris Renek	Novelist	12-Mar-1925	10-May-2013	Heck
Joseph Banks Rhine	Paranormal	29-Sep-1885	20-Feb-1980	Father of modern parapsychology
James Ford Rhodes	Author	1-May-1848	22-Jan-1927	History of the Civil War
Abraham Ribicoff	Politician	9-Apr-1910	22-Feb-1998	Senator and Governor from Connecticut
William C. Richardson	Educator	c. 1940		President of Johns Hopkins, 1990-95
Oscar Riddle	Biologist	27-Sep-1877	29-Nov-1968	Prolactin
Elizabeth Madox Roberts	Author	30-Oct-1881	13-Mar-1941	The Great Meadow
Arthur R. Robinson	Politician	12-Mar-1881	17-Mar-1961	US Senator from Indiana, 1925-35
David Rockefeller	Business	12-Jun-1915		Founder of the Trilateral Commission
Richard Rorty	Philosopher	4-Oct-1931	8-Jun-2007	Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature
Irwin Rose	Scientist	16-Jul-1926	2-Jun-2015	Ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation
Alan Rosskamm	Business	6-Jan-1950		CEO of Charming Shoppes
Leo Rosten	Author	11-Apr-1908	19-Feb-1997	The Joys of Yiddish
Donald C. Roth	Business	c. 1943		EMP Global
Philip Roth	Novelist	19-Mar-1933		Portnoy's Complaint
Steven G. Rothmeier	Business	4-Oct-1946	14-May-2014	CEO of Northwest Airlines, 1985-89
F. Sherwood Rowland	Chemist	28-Jun-1927	10-Mar-2012	Ozone depletion
David M. Rubenstein	Business	c. 1949		Director of the Carlyle Group
Barnett R. Rubin	Educator	10-Jan-1950		The Fragmentation of Afghanistan
Ellen A. Rudnick	Business	c. 1950		Polsky Center for Entrepreneurship
William C. Rusnack	Business	c. 1944		CEO of Premcor, 1998-2002
Carl Sagan	Astronomer	9-Nov-1934	20-Dec-1996	Popular astronomer, host of Cosmos
Paul Samuelson	Economist	15-May-1915	13-Dec-2009	Theory of revealed preference
Bernie Sanders	Politician	8-Sep-1941		US Senator from Vermont
Adarsh K. Sarma	Business	c. 1974		VP at Warburg Pincus
John Scalzi	Novelist	10-May-1969		Old Man's War
Dean A. Scarborough	Business	c. 1955		CEO of Avery-Dennison
Frank Schlesinger	Astronomer	11-May-1871	10-Jul-1943	Stellar parallaxes
Myron S. Scholes	Economist	1-Jul-1941		Black-Scholes options pricing model
Mary M. Schroeder	Judge	4-Dec-1940		9th Circuit Court of Appeals
William F. Schulz	Activist	14-Nov-1949		Director, Amnesty International, 1994-2006
Julian Schwinger	Physicist	12-Feb-1918	16-Jul-1994	Quantum electrodynamics
John T. Scopes	Educator	3-Aug-1900	21-Oct-1970	Defendant in the Scopes Monkey Trial
Hal S. Scott	Educator	c. 1944		Professor, Harvard Law School
Peter Sebastian	Diplomat	19-Jun-1926	22-Mar-2011	US Ambassador to Tunisia, 1984-87
Louis Michael Seidman	Scholar	16-Feb-1947		Our Unsettled Constitution
Dan Seymour	Actor	22-Feb-1915	25-May-1993	Return of the Fly
Maurice M. Shapiro	Physicist	13-Nov-1915	27-Feb-2008	Composition and origin of cosmic rays
Donald J. Shepard	Business	1946		Chairman of Aegon NV
Charles R. Shoemate	Business	c. 1940		CEO of Best Foods, 1990-2000
Milton Sills	Actor	12-Jan-1882	15-Sep-1930	The Sea Hawk
Nate Silver	Blogger	13-Jan-1978		Baseball Prospectus, FiveThirtyEight.com
Robert B. Silvers	Editor	31-Dec-1929		The New York Review of Books
Herbert A. Simon	Economist	15-Jun-1916	9-Feb-2001	Administrative Behavior
Isadore Singer	Mathematician	3-May-1924		Atiyah-Singer index theorem
James L. Singleton	Business	c. 1956		The Cypress Group LLC
Joseph J. Sisco	Diplomat	31-Oct-1919	23-Nov-2004	Kissinger's Mideast Deputy
Emil Skodon	Diplomat	25-Nov-1963		US Ambassador to Brunei
Melanie Sloan	Activist	16-Dec-1965		Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington
Louis Slotin	Physicist	1-Dec-1910	30-May-1946	Died tickling the dragon's tail
Richard E. Smalley	Chemist	6-Jun-1943	28-Oct-2005	Co-Discovered fullerines
George E. Smith	Scientist	10-May-1930		Digital photography
Milan D. Smith, Jr.	Judge	19-May-1942		9th Circuit Court of Appeals
Rick Smith	Business	c. 1972		CEO of TASER International
Tony Snow	Government	1-Jun-1955	12-Jul-2008	Fox News pundit, White House press secretary
Barbara R. Snyder	Educator	23-Jul-1955		President, CWRU
Lewis C. Solmon	Economist	17-Jul-1942	17-Dec-2007	Education reformer
Ezra Solomon	Economist	20-Mar-1920	9-Dec-2002	Council of Economic Advisers, 1971-73
Susan Sontag	Author	16-Jan-1933	28-Dec-2004	Novelist, critic, intellectual
Thomas Sowell	Economist	30-Jul-1930		Conservative economist, Hoover fellow
Jonathan Sperber	Historian	26-Dec-1952		The European Revolutions, 1848-1851
Roger W. Sperry	Scientist	20-Aug-1913	17-Apr-1994	"Split brain" hemispheric neurophysiology
William T. Spitz	Business	c. 1951		Investment Manager for Vanderbilt, 1985-2007
Beryl W. Sprinkel	Economist	20-Nov-1923	22-Aug-2009	Council of Economic Advisers, 1985-89
Herbert Stein	Economist	27-Aug-1916	8-Sep-1999	Economic adviser for Nixon
Jules Stein	Business	26-Apr-1896	29-Apr-1981	Founder of MCA
David Steinberg	Comic	9-Aug-1942		Second City alumnus
Jack Steinberger	Physicist	25-May-1921		Researcher of neutrinos
George Steiner	Critic	23-Apr-1929		After Babel
John Paul Stevens	Judge	20-Apr-1920		US Supreme Court Justice, 1975-2010
George J. Stigler	Economist	17-Jan-1911	1-Dec-1991	Economic Theory of Regulation
Jerome A. Stone	Philosopher	1935		The Minimalist Vision of Transcendence
Steven J. Strobel	Business	c. 1958		Senior VP at Motorola
Bengt Strömgren	Astronomer	21-Jan-1908	4-Jul-1987	Hydrogen stars
Otto Struve	Astronomer	12-Aug-1897	6-Apr-1963	Hydrogen in the interstellar medium
Ray Suarez	Journalist	5-Mar-1957		Correspondent for Lehrer News Hour
Teresa A. Sullivan	Educator	9-Jul-1949		President, University of Virginia
David Suzuki	Naturalist	24-Mar-1936		Television nature host
Phillip Swagel	Government	c. 1965		Bush economist
Gregory T. Swienton	Business	c. 1949		CEO of Ryder
Phillips Talbot	Diplomat	7-Jun-1915	1-Oct-2010	US Ambassador to Greece, 1965-69
Jim Talent	Politician	18-Oct-1956		US Senator from Missouri, 2002-07
Peter Tarnoff	Government	1937		President, Council on Foreign Relations, 1986-93
David S. Tatel	Judge	16-Mar-1942		US Court of Appeals, DC Circuit
Edward Tatum	Scientist	14-Dec-1909	7-Nov-1975	One gene, one enzyme theory
Richard F. Teerlink	Business	c. 1939		CEO of Harley-Davdison, 1989-97
Studs Terkel	Author	16-May-1912	31-Oct-2008	Working
Burr Tillstrom	Performance Artist	13-Oct-1917	6-Dec-1985	Puppeteer, Kukla, Fran and Ollie
Mary A. Tolan	Business	c. 1960		Accretive Health
Susan J. Tolchin	Political Scientist	14-Jan-1941	18-May-2016	To the Victor...
Jean Toomer	Author	26-Dec-1894	30-Mar-1967	Cane
Daniel C. Tsui	Physicist	28-Feb-1939		Fractional quantum Hall effect
Mary Jean Crenshaw Tully	Activist	15-Dec-1925	27-Dec-2003	Feminism activist
Jonathan Turley	Scholar	c. 1961		GWU law professor
David A. Twardock	Business	c. 1957		Prudential Mortgage Capital
Theodore W. Ullyot	Attorney	c. 1968		Chief of Staff to Alberto Gonzales, 2005
Thomas Unterman	Business	c. 1944		Former CFO of Times Mirror
Viron P. Vaky	Diplomat	13-Sep-1926	22-Nov-2012	US Ambassador to Venezuela, 1976
Carl Van Vechten	Novelist	17-Jun-1880	21-Dec-1964	Patron of the Harlem Renaissance
Mike Vaska	Activist	1960		Discovery Institute
David J. Vitale	Business	c. 1952		CAO, Chicago Public Schools
Kurt Vonnegut	Novelist	11-Nov-1922	11-Apr-2007	Slaughterhouse Five
Dale Wainwright	Judge	19-Jun-1961		Justice, Texas Supreme Court
George Wald	Biologist	18-Nov-1906	12-Apr-1997	Physiology of the retina
David F. Walker	Business	c. 1953		Former Partner, Arthur Andersen
Amy Wallman	Business	c. 1950		Retired Partner, Ernst & Young
Richard F. Wallman	Business	1951		CFO of Honeywell, 1999-2003
Joe Walsh	Politician	27-Dec-1961		Congressman from Illinois, 2011-13
Neil Clark Warren	Business	18-Sep-1934		Founder, eHarmony
H. Thomas Watkins	Business	c. 1952		CEO of Human Genome Sciences
James Watson	Scientist	6-Apr-1928		Co-Discoverer of DNA
John Watson	Psychologist	9-Jan-1878	25-Sep-1958	Founder of Behaviorism
John S. Watson	Business	Oct-1956		CEO of Chevron
Fritz Weaver	Actor	19-Jan-1926		Fail Safe
Alvin M. Weinberg	Physicist	20-Apr-1915	18-Oct-2006	Nuclear scientist
Gerhard L. Weinberg	Historian	1-Jan-1928		The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany
Donald Weinstein	Historian	13-Mar-1926	13-Dec-2015	Savonarola and Florence
Matthew E. Welsh	Politician	15-Sep-1912	28-May-1995	Governor of Indiana, 1961-65
Glenway Wescott	Novelist	11-Apr-1901	22-Feb-1987	The Pilgrim Hawk
Clifton R. Wharton, Jr.	Business	13-Sep-1926		CEO of TIAA-CREF, 1987-92
Leslie A. White	Anthropologist	19-Jan-1900	31-Mar-1975	The Science of Culture
Eugene Wigner	Physicist	17-Nov-1902	1-Jan-1995	Law of conservation of parity
Frank Wilczek	Physicist	15-May-1951		Deep structure of matter
Steven V. Wilkinson	Business	c. 1941		Former Partner, Arthur Andersen
Edmund Beecher Wilson	Biologist	19-Oct-1856	3-Mar-1939	X and Y chromosomes
James Q. Wilson	Scholar	27-May-1931	2-Mar-2012	The Moral Sense
Lanford Wilson	Playwright	13-Apr-1937	24-Mar-2011	The Hot L Baltimore
Jon Winkelried	Business	c. 1959		Formerly Co-COO of Goldman Sachs
Alison A. Winter	Business	c. 1947		Personal Financial Services, Northern Trust
Yvor Winters	Poet	17-Oct-1900	25-Jan-1968	Primitivism & Decadence
Harris Wofford	Politician	9-Apr-1926		US Senator from Pennsylvania, 1991-95
Timothy V. Wolf	Business	c. 1952		CFO of Molson Coors Brewing
Paul Wolfowitz	Government	22-Dec-1943		President of the World Bank, 2005-07
Howard Wolfson	Government	c. 1967		Hillary Clinton campaign spokesman
Victor Wong	Actor	31-Jul-1927	12-Sep-2001	Egg Shen
Frank Wood	Business	c. 1941		Secret Communications LLC
Robert W. Wood	Physicist	2-May-1868	11-Aug-1955	Physical Optics
Leona Woods	Physicist	9-Aug-1919	10-Nov-1986	Physicist at University of Chicago
Jeremiah Wright	Religion	22-Sep-1941		Trinity United Church of Christ
Basilis Xanthopoulos	Physicist	1951	27-Nov-1990	Gravitational physics
Chen Ning Yang	Physicist	1-Oct-1922		Particle physicist
Herbert O. Yardley	Scientist	13-Apr-1889	7-Aug-1958	U.S. cryptographer during WWI
Sidney Yates	Politician	27-Aug-1909	5-Oct-2000	Congressman from Illinois, 1949-99
Frank Yerby	Novelist	5-Sep-1916	29-Nov-1991	The Dahomean
Byron York	Columnist	c. 1956		Former National Review columnist
Marguerite Young	Author	28-Aug-1908	17-Nov-1995	Miss MacIntosh, My Darling
Ray G. Young	Business	c. 1962		CFO of General Motors
Stephen M. Young	Diplomat	1951		Director of the American Institute in Taiwan
Todd Young	Politician	24-Aug-1972		Congressman, Indiana 9th
Paul G. Yovovich	Business	c. 1951		Lake Capital
Morton Dauwen Zabel	Educator	10-Aug-1901	28-Apr-1964	Craft and Character
Donna F. Zarcone	Business	c. 1957		Former Harley Davidson executive